Automotive 1234yf pressure chart. OpteonTM YF. Automotive Refrigerant (HFO-1234yf) T...

R-1234yf Refrigerant: YN-33-A (USA) and HS7Z-19B519-B

R1234yf/R134a Pressure Chart. Post by Tim » Wed Aug 09, 2023 10:43 pm. Provided by: bohica2xo. 1234YF chart.jpg. ... Automotive Air Conditioning Forum;bblount722401. 2 posts · Joined 2023. #10 · Jul 27, 2023. I have a 3.6l V6 flex fuel 2019 Impala premier and have to replace the AC clutch and compressor. Problem is I can't find the capacity charts to anything anywhere on the hood or inside the engine bay at all. Does anyone know the capacity and oil type for the AC system?Certified A/C Pro R-1234yf Gauge and Hose Professional Grade dispenser features an extra-large gauge, easy-to-use trigger dispenser, 24 inch hose, and a quick-connect R-1234yf coupler. ... identify the current low-side pressure in the system, and determine increases in pressure during the recharge process. This product is compatible with both ...We have received some questions about putting R-134a into HFO-1234yf system and here's why you should not do that from EPA. From the 2015 EPA SNAP Final Rule: For vehicles for which the manufacturer counts air conditioning credits toward its LD GHG compliance, the MVAC systems (or elements of those systems) are considered emission related ...26 Feb 2021 ... Automotive technicians do not know there's ... 1234YF and have prototype vehicles testing new refrigerant's for cars ... What Pressure Should my Car .....Solstice® yf Refrigerant is a near drop-in replacement for R-134a in automobile A/C applications, helping automakers around the world comply with EU low GWP requirements. Air conditioning systems using Solstice yf refrigerant are generally more energy efficient than competing technologies. R-1234YF now with UV Dye leak detection Adding UV Dye ...May 14, 2022 · In some vehicles, replacing the evaporator temp sensor means removing the entire dash and heater box. R-1234yf systems that control freeze protection by pressure sensors may experience cooling loss if charged with R-134a. 5) Mixing R-134a and R-1234yf will cause problems — Mixing the two refrigerants will cause evaporator freeze …R-134a TEMPERATURE PRESSURE CHART (Tabla de Temperaturas y Lecturas) Ambient Temperature °F / °C (Temperatura Ambiental) Low-Pressure Gauge (Puerto de Servicio del Lado de Baja Presion) High-Pressure Gauge (Puerto de Servicio del Lado de Lado de Alta Presion) 65°F (18°C) 25-35 psi / 172-241 kPa: 135-155 psi / 931-1069 kPa: 70°F (21°C) 35 ...DuPontTM OpteonTM HFO-1234yf Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram (Engineering Units) 0. 0 1 4 0.013 160 Pressure(psia) Enthalpy (BTU/lb) 180 120 140 100 80 60 40-40-20 Temperature=0 oF 20-20 Temperature=0 o F 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200 220 240 180 160 260 280 300 320 340 200 220 240 260 120 140 160 180 80 100 40 60 20 0 2 45 e n t r o p y = 0 . 2 3 B T ...This table does not include all MVAC refrigerants, such as those for which labeling was never developed. Also, the use conditions for HFC-152a, R-744 (CO 2) and HFO-1234yf require compliance with SAE J639, which specifies the markings required on labels, but not unique label colors. These refrigerants are not included in the table below and ...Whether you have an established pressure washing business or you're just getting started, our pressure washing equipment list will help ensure you have everything you need. If you ...Refrigerant Pressure Charts A/C Pro® Preview. 4 hours ago WebThe R-134a and R-1234yf pressure charts are for guidance when using A/C Pro ® recharge products and gauges. These charts can help provide an understanding of how …. See Also: Automotive ac static pressure chart Show detailsTrigger acupuncture referred myofascial a3bs tigger 保存 Pain trigger psis piriformis Trigger point charts (5 chart set) Trigger point points massage muscle placement therapy pain ball tennis tens chart stimulator secret life electrode charts lower pad techniques ... Trigger point body points massage therapy pain pressure back map muscle ...A/c performanceAutomotive 134a pressure chart Ac pressure chart 134a system gauge compressor conditioner subaru charts ebayR-1234yf refrigerant. Automotive ac pressure chartAutomotive ac freon capacity chart .Jun 2, 2023 · Pt chart 134a. 134a pressure temp chart pictures to pin on pinterest 134a pressure-temperature-chart.pdf Temperature pressure chart for r-134a, r410a, 1234yf flexible magnet 5. Pressure chart ac air car charging temp system recharge r134a 134a ford freon temperature engine refrigerant low r134 high staticSolstice® yf Refrigerant is a near drop-in replacement for R-134a in automobile A/C applications, helping automakers around the world comply with EU low GWP requirements. Air conditioning systems using Solstice yf refrigerant are generally more energy efficient than competing technologies. R-1234YF now with UV Dye leak detection Adding UV Dye ...Those are some wide ranges per Ambi Temp. Thank You! 2021+ Ford F150 - R-1234YF Correct Pressures - Hello All, can anyone provide a pressure chart, covering High Side and Low Side A/C pressures, with relation to ambient temperature, for R-1234YF? After a few hours on the web I found only 3 charts for R-1234YF.Refrigerant charge quantity for air conditioners & heat pumps: This air conditioning repair article series discusses the the diagnosis and correction of abnormal air conditioner refrigerant line pressures as a means for evaluating the condition of the air conditioner compressor motor, which in turn, is a step in how we evaluate and correct lost or reduced air conditioner cooling capacity.The AC1234-4 is a fully automatic ACS machine that meets or exceeds SAE J2927 and J2843 standards for 1234yf recovery. The machine includes an integrated refrigerant identifier that samples the refrigerant in the vehicle's A/C system prior to recovery. ... Maximum pressure. 31 bar (450 PSI) Noise <70 dB(A) Voltage. 115 VAC, 60 Hz. Oil Bottle ...CAR QUICK ADAPTER KIT --- R-1234YF adapters with 1234yf can tap valve kit ideal for connecting with basic or advanced manifold gauges and serving on automotive air conditioner refrigerant recharge work. AC GAUGE ADAPTER SET --- Come with pair of high and low pressure Quick Couplers - 1/4 inch male fitting, self-sealing Can Tap Valve - 1/4 inch ...The R-134a and R-1234yf pressure charts are for guidance when using A/C Pro ® recharge products and gauges. These charts can help provide an understanding of how much pressure is in your vehicle’s air conditioning system, which can be helpful during the diagnostic and recharge processes. Be sure to consult the instructions provided with your ...24th July 2013. USA: A new refrigerant blend based around HFO1234ze could be a viable, less flammable alternative to 1234yf in car air conditioning systems. The new refrigerant is one of two being developed by Mexichem and the subject of extensive testing by SAE International. One of the new refrigerants in particular, AC6 (R445A), displayed ...Temperature Pressure Chart for R-134a, R410A, 1234yf Flexible Magnet 5. ... Pressure chart freightliner ac 882c 4d99 751b heavy mediumReadings 134a temp ambient 134a static pressure chartPressure chart ac air car charging temp system recharge r134a 134a ford freon temperature engine refrigerant low r134 high static.Check Details A/c recharge 95 300 six. Pressure chart air ac temperature conditioner r134a honda r12 reading side civic convert 2004 pressures cutting static car charge compressorAc readings side pressure chart psi high low honda accord factory please post performance tech location Ac performance low chart side pressure reading system charts diagnostic compressor conversion air ford readings ...R-134a: Three twelve ounce cans are for sale right now at $19.95. (Price can change at any time.) Let’s do some math now and break this down by price per ounce. $19.95 / 36 ounces = $00.55 per ounce for R-134a. R-1234yf: Four eight ounce cans are for sale right now at $168.99. (Price can change at any time.)30 army height and weight femaleFree body chart template 30 army height and weight femaleArmy weight chart height women archives pdf. Army female height and weight calculatorArmy height and weight chart female Height/weight requirements for women in the us military. where do youCooper enforcement amulettejewelry.The A/C Pro ® R-1234yf A/C Recharge kit is designed to work with all vehicles with R-1234yf systems, including hybrids and electrics, and features a specially designed formula and easy-install snap-lock coupler.. The advanced formula works quickly to seal common A/C leaks in rubber O-rings, gaskets, and hoses, while also providing anti-wear additives and preventing the effects of harmful ...Find all stock quotes and get the latest stock prices as well as stock analysis including company news and historical charts on all stock companies. Evercore's Mark Mahaney says Me...Jan 5, 2017 · The working pressure of HFO-1234yf is lower than that of HFC-134a, which may be effective for increasing COP. Having lower working pressure results in using a piping system with less thickness, lower price and higher proficiency. • In the constant mass flow rate state, the COP of HFO-1234yf is 18% higher than that of HFC-134a. •Refrigerant charge quantity for air conditioners & heat pumps: This air conditioning repair article series discusses the the diagnosis and correction of abnormal air conditioner refrigerant line pressures as a means for evaluating the condition of the air conditioner compressor motor, which in turn, is a step in how we evaluate and correct lost or reduced air conditioner cooling capacity.145 °F. 571.7 psig. 150 °F. 607.6 psig. 155 °F. 645.2 psig. You can see that this R410A pressure chart includes high and low side pressures at temperatures ranging from -60 °F to 155 °F. Higher temperature equates to higher pressure. Here are 4 examples of how you can use this chart:Automotive 1234yf Pressure Chart. 06 Jan 2024; posts; Makenna Shanahan; Refrigerant chart use vehicle list hfo oes vehicleservicepros service R-134a system pressure magnetic chart Chart pressure r12 ac 134a r134a system temperature low side gauge refrigerant gm will compressor stay long performance conversion gmc.A Layman's Guide to Automotive A/C - FJC. Tags A/C, AC, air conditioner, automotive, how to, learn, tutorial. Automotive air conditioning is a self-contained system which cools the cabin of a car by changing the phase of refrigerant from gas to liquid and back again by applying and releasing pressure on it. Each of the parts of the system ...Save on AC Gauges and Specialty Tools at Advance Auto Parts. Buy online, pick up in-store in 30 minutes. Save on AC Gauges and Specialty Tools at Advance Auto Parts. Buy online, pick up in-store in 30 minutes. ... A/C Pro Ultra Synthetic R-1234yf Refrigerant Kit: Includes Hose with Gauge, Seals & Extends A/C Life, 14 oz. Part # ACPYF100-6 (5 ...Check Details Pin on refrigeration and air conditioning. Pressure chart temperature ac r134a pt temp freon r410a r12 low high fiero charts forum r22 nl pennock has famousDentrodabiblia: ac pressure chart Sorry if not allowed but hoping someone has a pressure chart forChart charging 410a heat r410a pump pressure ac diagram tech superheat refrigerant air target does find source water.Critical Pressure (psia) 531.1 Critical Temperature (°F) 362.6 Critical Density (lb./ft^ 3) 34.3 Vapor Density (bp,lb./ft^ 3) 0.404 Heat of Vaporization (bp,BTU/lb.) 73.2 Global Warming Potential (CO2 = 1.0) 77 ASHRAE Standard 34 Safety Rating B1 Refrigerant Boiling Point Physical Properties Refrigerant -80°F -40°F 0°F 40°F 80°F 120°F R-123FJC 2664 R-1234yf Valve Core Service Port and Service Port Cap Assortment. Brand: FJC. 1. | Search this page. $9599. Contains 5 different Valve Cores. Package Dimensions: 35.4 H x 4.5 L x 22.4 W (centimeters) Package Weight: 0.815 kilograms. Country of Origin : United States.Recharge your vehicle's AC system by yourself with the A/C Pro Ultra Synthetic R-1234yf Auto AC Recharge Kit. Designed to work with R-1234yf refrigerant systems, this kit makes recharging your vehicles AC easy and affordable. Special additives improve system performance for colder, drier air.Temperature pressure chart for r-134a, r410a, 1234yf flexible magnet 5.Automotive air conditioning bulletin board • view topic R-134a temperature pressure chartR-134a / r-1234yf magnetic pressure temperature chart 8"x5.5". Pt chart 134aR 134a pressure temp chart / r134a gas pressure chart R134a temperature pressure chart pdf. Check DetailsChart pressure ac r134a pressures question running shouldVintage air installation Temperature pressure chart for r-134a, r410a, 1234yf flexible magnet 5.A/c performance. solutionsforeverything: R-1234yf Refrigerant. Check Details. Vwvortex.comR-1234yf Refrigerant PT Chart. March 20, 2019 by Alec Johnson. The HFO R-1234yf is the refrigerant of the future. Or, at least, that is how it has been marketed. Yf was the first HFO refrigerant to see mainstream attention. A few years back there was immense pressure in the European Union to stop using the HFC R-134a for automotive air ...More on Making R1234yf in the USA >>. Its autoignition temperature is 405 degrees C, which means it's harder to burn than paper. In fact, the only way HoneyWell/DuPont could get it to burn was to mix it with compressor oil and pass it over plate hotter than 900 degrees C. That's hotter than most really hot exhausts.R-134a TEMPERATURE PRESSURE CHART (Tabla de Temperaturas y Lecturas) Ambient Temperature °F / °C (Temperatura Ambiental) Low-Pressure Gauge (Puerto de Servicio del Lado de Baja Presion) High-Pressure Gauge (Puerto de Servicio del Lado de Lado de Alta Presion) 65°F (18°C) 25-35 psi / 172-241 kPa: 135-155 psi / 931-1069 kPa: 70°F (21°C) 35 ...Buy A/C Manifold Gauge Set 1234YF - NTE 781234 online from NAPA Auto Parts Stores. Get deals on automotive parts, truck parts and more. 20% Off $125+ Orders ... Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor; Diagnosing: Variable Valve Timing (VVT) Maintaining Tires; ... 1234YF: Buyer's Guide. Safety Information. Vehicle Fitment Guide. Product Reviews ...1234yf - Automotive Refrigerant. ... While 1234yf has similar pressures to R-134a, they are not the same. Contaminating your A/C system with R-134a refrigerant can shorten compressor life. ... Vapor/Pressure Chart. Charging/Installation Guide. Packaging Availability. Quick Reference Guide.R-513A is an azeotropic blend of 56% R-1234yf and 44% R-134a, which means it does not separate into those two components during operating temperatures and pressures—it basically behaves like a single chemical refrigerant with a pressure-temperature curve close to R-134a. Most important: mixed in the R-513A ratio, R-1234yf is not flammable, so ...Ac pressure readings pressures charts discharge. Ready to convert from r12 to r134aR-134a / r-1234yf magnetic pressure temperature chart 8"x5.5" Symptom pressure axleaddict ambient refrigerant pressures gaugesReadings pressures manifold.The pressure was there due to the extremely high Global Warming Potential (GWP) that R-134a has. R-134a has a GWP of one-thousand four-hundred and thirty. It is classified as a super pollutant. The answer to the world’s problems came with the announcement of the new HFO refrigerant known as R-1234yf. Yf refrigerant has a Global Warming ...Shop for Santech R1234yf Gauge Set with confidence at AutoZone.com. Parts are just part of what we do. Get yours online today and pick up in store.Temperature pressure chart for r-134a, r410a, 1234yf flexible magnet 5. ... hvac how toAutomotive air conditioning bulletin board • view topic Pressure 134a chart ac temperature capacity gas psi car recharge autozone compressor refrigerant cobalt ss 0l sc maintenance servicePressure temperature chart refrigerant refrigeration r134a r22 r410a ...CL Refrigerant Capacity and Refrigerant Oil Type. 2001-03 23.00 Oz. R-134a; 5.50 Oz. PAG 46 1997-99 26.00 Oz. R-134a; 5.50 Oz. PAG 46. ILX Refrigerant Capacity and Refrigerant Oil TypePressure Temperature Charts. Please select a refrigerant via the drop down menu to display pressure/temperature data. Select a Refrigerant.The R-134a and R-1234yf pressure charts are for guidance when using A/C Pro ® recharge products and gauges. These charts can help provide an understanding of how much pressure is in your vehicle’s air conditioning system, which can be helpful during the diagnostic and recharge processes. Be sure to consult the instructions provided with your ...Check Details Pin on refrigeration and air conditioning. Pressure chart temperature ac r134a pt temp freon r410a r12 low high fiero charts forum r22 nl pennock has famousDentrodabiblia: ac pressure chart Sorry if not allowed but hoping someone has a pressure chart forChart charging 410a heat r410a pump pressure ac diagram tech superheat refrigerant air target does find source water.Download scientific diagram | - Temperature-entropy (T-s) and pressure-enthalpy (P-h) state diagram for R1234yf, R1234ze, and R134a. from publication: Exergy analysis of R1234yf and ...Following the instructions on the refrigerant package, add refrigerant to the system. 6. Charge the System. After determining the correct pressures using the ambient air pressure chart, monitor the pressure readings constantly while charging the system. If the system was low, your AC compressor clutch will not engage.Thermodynamic Properties HFO-1234yf. Temperature (°F) Liquid Entropy Vapor Entropy (Btu/lbm-°R) (Btu/lbm-°R) -8 -4. 0.Saturation Pressure at 25°C 6370 kPa gauge 567 kPa gauge ... This wall chart has been designed to help ARCTick-licensed individuals and businesses to better understand these refrigerants. ... recovery equipment for contaminated R134a or R1234yf refrigerant from mobile automotive air conditioning systems - SAE J 3030:2015, automotive ...HFO-1234yf Has Low Toxicity. Based on the toxicity results due end of August, 2008, Honeywell and DuPont will be in a position to commit to production of HFO-1234yf. Second Species Developmental Preliminary Results. Based on what we know today, we believe HFO-1234yf will have a no effect level (NOEL) of 4000 ppm.Check Details A/c recharge 95 300 six. Pressure chart air ac temperature conditioner r134a honda r12 reading side civic convert 2004 pressures cutting static car charge compressorAc readings side pressure chart psi high low honda accord factory please post performance tech location Ac performance low chart side pressure reading system charts diagnostic compressor conversion air ford readings ...R1234yf Pressure Enthalpy Chart. Scroll down to find download buttons for pressure enthalpy charts in either Metric or Imperial Units. Downloads as a PDF.★【𝐑-𝟏𝟑𝟒𝐀 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐓】– Included within this magnetic chart is a comprehensive R-134a System Pressure Chart. This chart offers a quick overview of an average A/C system, including the compressor manufacturer and specific R-134a requirements for your car.As a rule of thumb, when the ambient air temperatures 70° degrees Fahrenheit (21° Celsius) and humidity 20%, the AC outlet air temperature should be in the 35°-40° degrees Fahrenheit range. On the other extreme of 80° degrees Fahrenheit ambient air temperature and 90% humidity condition, the AC outlet air temperature might be in the 45 ...Buy A/C Manifold Gauge Set 1234YF - NTE 781234 online from NAPA Auto Parts Stores. Get deals on automotive parts, truck parts and more. 20% Off $125+ Orders ... Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor; Diagnosing: Variable Valve Timing (VVT) Maintaining Tires; ... 1234YF: Buyer's Guide. Safety Information. Vehicle Fitment Guide. Product Reviews ...Free Printable Blood Pressure Log Templates. A blood pressure log sheet is a tool used to track and monitor an individual's blood pressure readings over time. It typically includes spaces to record the date and time of each reading, as well as the systolic and diastolic blood pressure values.OpteonTM YF. Automotive Refrigerant (HFO-1234yf) Thermodynamic Properties of OpteonTM YF Engineering (I/P) Units. Temp °F Pressure [psia] Liquid p Vapor p. Saturation Properties - Temperature Table. Volume [ft3/lb] Density [lb/ft3] Enthalpy [Btu/lb] Liquid v Vapor v Liquid d Vapor d Liquid H Latent H.SPECIFICATIONS. Refrigerant: R134a & R1234yf. Pressure & vacuum display: Low Side - PSI/IN-Hg, Bar, MPa, Kg/cm2 High Side - PSI, Bar, MPa, Kg/cm2. Temperature display: -40 to 200°F (-4 to 93°C) Response time: 250 mSec. Connection: 1/2” acme. Operating temperature: 32 to 122°F (0 to 45°C) Power: 9V DC battery.Because of the additional labor as the process takes much longer, and the refrigerant is much more expensive for the same amount as R134a, at an independent facility the cost can be between $150 - $225. At the dealership the cost can range from $250 - $400, depending once again on labor rates, and the amount of refrigerant required.By the mid-90s, 134a refrigerants replaced the R12. It's now 30 years, and the R1234YF has proven to provide a solution to the environmental concerns regarding automotive AC systems. The R12 refrigerants had higher gas carbon dioxide potency, with an atmospheric lifetime of 100 years. The introduction of the R134a refrigerant lowered the ...endorsed a switch to R-1234yf, a new refrigerant that neither reduces ozone nor increases GWP. Another benefit: R-1234yf, if leaked into the atmosphere, has a 10-day lifetime, much shorter than the 13 year life of R-134a. Nissan leaps in Effective with the 2021 model year, all vehicles manufactured for sale in the US must have R-1234yf A/C systems.2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, HFO-1234yf, is a hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) with molecular formula CH 2 =CFCF 3. Its primary application is as a refrigerant with low global warming potential (GWP). [1] [2] As a refrigerant, it is designated R-1234yf [1] and marketed under the names Opteon YF by Chemours and as Solstice YF by Honeywell. [3]High Pressure Regulator. ... A/C CO2 1234YF CO2 Charge Hose. This hose kit allows CO2 to be put into 1234YF A/C systems. Oneshot Leak Seeker Foam 4 pack (patented) This Patented Foam will change color directly over the leak site, allowing quick and easy leak identification. This foam will change color from large to very small leaks ...The dealer around here is quoting $450 to recharge the system on 1234yf so a bottle of 134a for $20 seems like a lot better deal. I'm also told that the A/C might be a bit colder since 134a is more efficient as well. 2015 Charger SRT 392 - LMI CAI, BT Catch Can, 180 Tstat, Diablo-Modified PCM, Custom Dyno Tune - SOLD.The temptation surely is there now, because the retail price for the refrigerant from a car dealer, sold in a 10-lb. jug, is $1236, or over $120/lb., according to a report at the MACS convention. Adapters to convert an R-134a manifold gauge set to be able to connect to an R-1234yf system are readily available, so along with eventual ...R134a pressures side corolla cargurus buyautoparts helpful Car aircon pressure chart. Automotive 134a pressure chart. ... R-134a / r-1234yf magnetic pressure temperature chart 8"x5.5"Pt chart 134a 134a pressure temp chart pictures to pin on pinterestR134a pressures problem.Apr 23, 2019 · R-1234yf, tabbed the replacement for R-134a, has been in service now for a few years on certain models of vehicles from FCA and GM to several European models. R-1234yf is installed on an estimated 35 million vehicles worldwide. The EU has already banned R-134a as of January 2017, and the U.S. will follow suit by 2020.Nitrogen Pressure Tester for R-134a and R-1234yf. Nitrogen pressure tester is designed to meet the specifications of automotive A/C systems. This single-stage nitrogen regulator is used to test systems for leaks when they do not contain refrigerant. 1/4” SAE flare outlet port, with control valve, to keep pressure on the regulator at all times.The R-134a and R-1234yf pressure charts are for guidance when using A/C Pro ® recharge products and gauges. These charts can help provide an understanding of how much pressure is in your vehicle's air conditioning system, which can be helpful during the diagnostic and recharge processes. Be sure to consult the instructions provided with your .... Free Printable Blood Pressure Log Templates. AWe would like to show you a description here but 76 psig pg10. Section 609 of the Federal Clean Air Act requires that all persons servicing motor vehicle air conditioning must; all of the above pg 1. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! After charging a system using manifold gauges, the refrigerant in the hoses; must be recovered pg 5.30 army height and weight femaleFree body chart template 30 army height and weight femaleArmy weight chart height women archives pdf. Army female height and weight calculatorArmy height and weight chart female Height/weight requirements for women in the us military. where do youCooper enforcement amulettejewelry. It can be used for recharging refrigerant, or to diagnose an High 150 Low>10. Expansive valve open or leak. Check valve or complete dye test. High 100 Low 100. Compressor does not engage. Check wiring. Note: The most ideal pressure readings are around 150 high and 30 low. Warning: Remember, venting 134a refrigerant into our atmosphere is illegal and bad for our environment.Here at A/C Pro ®, we know you'll have plenty of questions about your car air conditioning. We've gathered the most frequently asked questions in one place to give you all the knowledge you need about your car's A/C. From the basics to using lubricants, leak sealers and compressor questions - find the answer to your query with these A ... The content and the intellectual layout in this chart are pr...

Continue Reading