Coolant Velocity Correlations in an IC Engine Coolant Jacket (2002-01-1203) Publisher: SAE. Cite This. PDF. is part of: Vehicle Thermal Management: Heat Exchangers & Climate Control . Gursaran Mathur. All Authors. Sign In or Purchase. to View Full Text. 2. Downloads. Alerts. Alerts. Manage Content Alerts . Add to Citation Alerts . Abstract.The average coolant temperature for most vehicles and engines is 95 degrees Celsius or 205 Fahrenheit. But the temperature ranges between 195F and 220F, or 90C to 105C. And for some vehicles, it’s normal for the coolant temperature to drop down to 180F (80C) or rise up to 230F (110C).May 30, 2021. Share. Though coolant and antifreeze are often used interchangeably, they aren’t the same. Antifreeze is made of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol and is the …Ohhh, now I remember why this is, ic2 didnt/doesnt have fluid pipes, the container cells are so you can transfer coolant without using fluid pipes from other mods. You need to use old cells. One is a container, like a bucket and can have the fluid extracted, the other is a crafting item used in cells.There are three main types of engine coolant, all of which you can test with a MISCO refractometer: Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT) IAT is the old standard and had a vivid green color. It worked well, but the additives depleted over time and required changing roughly every 24,000 miles. It is seldom used anymore, in favor of new chemical ...2543 posts · Joined 2016. #1 · Jul 25, 2017. Hey all, so driving home from some errands today and for a split second I got the message "I/C Coolant Level Low"...then it went away. Pulled up performance pages and my i/c temp was normal, got home and popped the hood and coolant tanks were all full.... car ran normally..When the engine warms up, the wax melts, expands and pushes the valve open, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator. When the engine stops and cools, the valve closes again. Water expands when it freezes, and if the water in an engine freezes it can burst the block or radiator. So antifreeze usually ethylene glycol is added to the water ...Air-to-Air Cooler. ATAAC stands for air-to-air-aftercooled, also known as CAC (charge-air-cooled). This system uses forced-air (instead of water) to cool the turbocharged air before it enters the engine's combustion chamber. Similar to the SCAC design, the goal is to lower the engine's intake air temperature to improve emissions and output ...1. Where water fails, antifreeze works: Water is an excellent coolant for engines, but it begins to boil at 212 degrees F, and this temperature is easily reached in an operational engine. Once water begins to boil, it turns into steam, which puts pressure on …The cooling system is a set of components that enables the flow of liquid coolant to the passages in the engine block and head so as to absorb combustion heat. The heated fluid will then return to the radiator through a rubber hose, for cooling. As the heated fluid (hot water) flows into the radiator through the thin tubes, it gets cooled by an ...Advantages of Air Cooling System in IC Engine: These are some advantages of Air Cooling System: Air-cooled engines are lighter because of the absence of the radiator, the coolant, and the cooling jackets. Air cooling systems are operated in extreme climates, where there is a chance of water to be frozen.A radiator flush (or coolant flush) consists of four steps: Draining the existing coolant from your vehicle's radiator. Adding new coolant and conditioner to the radiator. The new mixture then circulates through the vehicle's cooling system, loosening any sediment and rust that has built up in the radiator channel.There are three main types of engine coolant, all of which you can test with a MISCO refractometer: Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT) IAT is the old standard and had a vivid green color. It worked well, but the additives depleted over time and required changing roughly every 24,000 miles. It is seldom used anymore, in favor of new chemical ...Having a leaking ice maker can be a huge inconvenience and can cause a lot of damage to your home if not taken care of. Knowing the most common causes of ice maker leakage can help...Abstract. Understanding the coolant behavior in the coolant jacket of an IC engine is critical to designing IC engines. Proper coolant jacket design is mandatory not only to ensure the durability ...The paper presents an analysis of the fluid flow in the cooling system of an internal combustion engine with oposite pistons. The purpose of the work was to optimize the flow of fluid through the ...This can be done in two ways: air cooling or liquid cooling. Air-cooled engines remove engine heat by using the air that hits the engine when the bike is moving. This is why they have fins on the outside to create more surface area for the air to pass over. This cooling method is very simple, lightweight and requires no special devices.I've been dealing with this problem for a couple months now with the dealership and still haven't gotten a resolution yet and wanted to see if anyone else has the same problem. On my Hellcat the I/C Coolant Temp and Intake Air Temp gauges are switched between the gauge cluster and the center dash screen. For example, on my gauge cluster the I/C ...Cooling System Maintenance. November 1, 2002 • School Bus Fleet Staff •. There are many cooling system problems and failures. Some due to defective equipment but most of these problems have occurred due to incorrect information and maintenance practices. The chart shown below is a listing of most common problems in today's cooling systems.Coolant Refill / Air Bleeder Tool Set. Part #: SER 771300. Line: NAPA Service Tools. Out of Stock. or 4 interest-free payments of $57.00 with. Qty: Out of Stock.2015 Ram 2500 Laramie 6.7L 6 Cyl. Turbo Diesel Crew Cab Pickup (4 Door) Replace the front turn signal. If your blinker doesn't blink, or blinks rapidly, you likely have a burnt out bulb. 2015 Ram 2500 Laramie 6.7L 6 Cyl. Turbo Diesel Crew Cab Pickup (4 Door) Replace your air filter! Replacing a dirty air filter can improve gas mileage by up to 4%.Clearly, coolant is used to keep a liquid-cooled engine, well, cool. Technically this is true, as the liquid carries heat produced from the engine to the radiator, and air flowing through the radiator - whether from forward motion or from fans - takes the heat away. Beyond its primary purpose, coolants also help protect your engine when it ...Went home and drained 8 ounces out of SC IC coolant tank and put 8 ounces of the product below in the tank. Repeated the same drive with the car noting, OAT, IC Coolant temperature and driving speed and distance were identical to previous outing. Result was a 15 degree IC Coolant temperature decrease. Yea I know it sounds impossible but it works.coolant flow in the coolant cavities, and the energy equation was solved for fluid and solid domains together. With the recent advancements in computational hardware and software, heat loads for an IC engine is obtained from a multi-dimensional in-cylinder flow and combustion simulation with detailed chemical kinetics using SAGE solver [11].Received this message once, went away. I/C Coolant level when cold is about 1/8th inch below the cold full line. Regular Coolant is also within the two lines shown on the tank near the top.Dec 17, 2022 · Nashville, TN. Current Ride. '22 TRX (Level 2) Dec 17, 2022. #1. I’m wondering if anyone else has this issue, or if my truck is unique. A couple of weeks ago, I noticed a brief warning on startup (Low I/C Coolant Level). Checked the reservoir, and it was just a hair below the Min level. So I added coolant up to about halfway between min and max.Looking for ways to increase your business revenue this summer? Get a commercial shaved ice machine. Here are some of the best shaved ice machines. If you buy something through our...Step 1: Locate the Cooler Lines. The first step in connecting the transmission cooler lines to the radiator is to locate them. In most vehicles, the lines will be located near the front of the vehicle, usually near the radiator. In some vehicles, the lines may be located on the side or rear of the vehicle. Once the lines have been located, the ...IC Products. 3M™ Thermally Conductive Pad $ 11.99; Innovation Cooling - Intel 13th / 14th Anti-Flex CPU Socket Correction Frame $ 15.99; IC Graphite High Compression Thermal Pad (40X40mm 5-Pack) $ 21.99; IC Graphite 90*90 mm $ 35.99; IC Diamond "7 Carat" Thermal Compound - 1.5 Grams $ 19.99On one end of the spectrum, antifreeze lowers the freezing point of water in the coolant mixture, thus preventing it from freezing inside the radiator, the water pump and hoses. On the other end, it raises the boiling point of the water in the coolant mix, giving it greater cooling capacity. That is why using coolant is the best solution for ...Ram Pickup. 2019. For the 2019 model year of Dodge Ram Pickup we have found that all trims use the same coolant: Ram 1500 3.0 V6 D Expand. Ram 1500 3.6 V6 Expand. Ram 1500 5.7 V8 Expand. Ram 1500 3.0d V6, DT Expand. Ram 1500 3.0d V6 AWD, DT Expand. Ram 1500 3.6 V6, DT Expand.Single-phase, Liquid Immersion Cooling (SLIC) is the most effective way to manage, remove, and control waste heat for electronics. Simplest, most reliable way to ensure semiconductors & electronics remain at their optimum operating temperatures. No need for fans or complex designs.When the engine warms up, the wax melts, expands and pushes the valve open, allowing coolant to flow through the radiator. When the engine stops and cools, the valve closes again. Water expands when it freezes, and if the water in an engine freezes it can burst the block or radiator. So antifreeze usually ethylene glycol is added to the water ...Conventional antifreeze is mixed, usually 50:50, with deionized water to create coolant. The antifreeze in the coolant prevents the engine from freezing in cold temperatures and boiling in hot temperatures. Antifreeze also has anti-corrosive and lubricating properties, helping to protect the engine and cooling system from rust and corrosion ...Low coolant temperatures affect a number of physical processes, beginning with wall heat losses, then affecting the spray behavior, and following through to the combustion process and emissions formation. The performance of the engine is best when the engine is fully warmed-up (90 °C). Higher coolant temperatures result in higher in-cylinder ...Liquid cooling is a radiator for the processors inside a computer. Like an automotive radiator, a liquid-cooling system circulates a liquid through a heat sink attached to the processor. As the liquid passes through the heat sink, heat transfers from the hot processor to the cooler liquid. The hot liquid then moves out to a radiator at the back ...Aug 21, 2023 · 2019 HC RE WB, same hard start / misfire at start issues and same code. Turned out to be a brick leaking coolant into the engine. At the time, I knew it was a leak due to missing coolant from the IC reservoir. But also, if I drove the car everyday there was no problem (not enough coolant leaking into the cylinder to cause a misfire at start up).Usage. When used in a Nuclear Reactor, the Coolant Cell serves simply as a large heat buffer. It does not dissipate heat on its own. It can be placed next to a Uranium Cell to collect heat or next to a Heat Exchanger to release heat. A Coolant Cell cannot be placed into a Pressure Vessel Reactor until it is completely cool. A cool Coolant Cell ...19449 posts · Joined 2004. #9 · Jul 1, 2014. found this - do with it what you will; Subaru specifies a non-silicate, non-phosphate and non-amine antifreeze. They also refuse to tell anyone which brands meet their specifications. By law, Subaru cannot mandate Subaru coolant unless they provided it for free.A fully-constructed Fluid Reactor. The Fluid Reactor, also known as the Pressure Vessel Reactor, is an alternative use of the existing EU reactor. Instead of directly outputting EU, it outputs Heat in the form of Hot Coolant. When set up correctly, it is more efficient than a standard EU reactor. The outer reactor casing is fully modular ...The most common reason a motorcycle leaks coolant is because of a loose radiator hose. All motorcycles that have a radiator have an upper and lower hose; there's an engine connection on the top and bottom and a radiator connection on the top and bottom. That means there are four possible failure points from the hoses coming from the radiator.Antifreeze is a concentrated liquid that is mixed with water to create a coolant mixture. Coolant is the diluted mixture of antifreeze and water that circulates through a vehicle's cooling system to regulate engine temperature. Antifreeze contains additives to prevent freezing, boiling, and corrosion, while coolant helps to dissipate heat and ...Jul 16, 2021 · If kids get cold, i just turn off defroster for a while and then rinse & repeat. During this time, my IC coolant temps are usually in the 30-40 range. There is no time (while in chiller only) that I have seen my IC temps get into the 80s or above. They are usually in 30s-40s while driving.Feb 7, 2024 · Coolant is a fluid that flows through a vehicle's engine block to keep moving parts from becoming too hot. It transfers heat from the engine to the radiator, thus preventing the engine from overheating. It's made out of a substance called glycol along with some other additives that prevent rust and is customarily mixed with water when in use.The analysis of trace metals in used coolant samples by ICP-OES is a good example for the importance of analyzing organic solvents using ICP-OES. Based upon the results of a measurement, the performance of cooling systems is assessed preventive maintenance is scheduled. It is applicable to any closed loop cooling system, but is primarily ...As stated earlier, the normal coolant temperature for a car is usually between 195-220 degrees Fahrenheit. Deviations from this range are usually bad for the engine. When the coolant temperature for a car goes higher than 240-degree Fahrenheit, it usually indicates that the engine is overheating. An overheating engine should be a cause for ...It is normal for the coolant temperature to run slightly higher when the thermal load is higher (hot day, driving up long grade at 65 mph). That is because the thermostat must open slightly more to allow more coolant flow to match the load. The only way the thermostat opens further is if the coolant temperature runs slightly higher.Jul 18, 2023 · An internal combustion engine is a type of heat engine that is widely used in various applications, particularly in transportation. This engine acts as the primary power source for automobiles, motorcycles, airplanes, boats, and many other machines. The engine works by turning the stored energy in fuel into useful energy that makes these ...Abstract. Understanding the coolant behavior in the coolant jacket of an IC engine is critical to designing IC engines. Proper coolant jacket design is mandatory not only to ensure the durability ...Heat conducting fluids in engine coolant. The heat-conductive fluid is the "coolant". Its job is to take heat from one part of the motorcycle (the engine) and to conduct it out to the air via the radiator. A great engine coolant is one that absorbs as much heat as possible and does so over a wide operating range.The cooling system is a set of components that enables the flow of liquid coolant to the passages in the engine block and head so as to absorb combustion heat. The heated fluid will then return to the radiator through a rubber hose, for cooling. As the heated fluid (hot water) flows into the radiator through the thin tubes, it gets cooled by an ...Can you elaborate on this as it seems I am having this issue. IC reservoir keeps running dry. Getting the drivetrain malf code. What is actually leaking and how is it getting into the intake. Noticing lots of steam in the mornings that smells like coolant. ThanksIC Engine Questions and Answers - Engine Cooling System. This set of IC Engines Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "Engine Cooling System". 1. The gasoline engine requires much ____________ air than a diesel engine. a) less. b) more. c) equal. d) none of the mentioned. View Answer.To troubleshoot a portable ice maker, ensure the power is connected and check the water supply and the ice level. Additionally, remove scale and verify that coolant is not leaking....Fill the coolant recovery tank to the mark on a hot engine. Then, drive the car UP a steep hill until it almost flips over backwards, putting the engine on the low end of the coolant loop and radiator/coolant tank on top. Any bubbles trapped in the engine can now float out of the engine, up the pipes under the floor and into the radiator.integrated circuit (IC): An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip , is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistor s are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier , oscillator , timer, counter, computer memory , or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized ...The OAT coolant creates so much sludge and staining and other, whatever, in the reservoir that the magnetic connection between the sensor and the float is blocked so the float returns to the "low coolant" position. Changing the sensor does nothing because the pathway is still blocked. There's a YT video showing how to test your sensor ...Sep 29, 2023 · Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, or DFMEA, is an key risk management strategy in modern product design and development. This technique delves deep into identifying potential failure modes in a product’s design, highlighting its significance in ensuring safety and functionality. Based on the broader framework of …The knowledge of coolant temperatures and the coolant flow allowed to calculate, by using expression (2), the heat carried off with the coolant mass, as it passes through the engine water jacket ...To add coolant to a car, open the hood, and remove the cap on the white plastic tank that is next to the radiator. Add a 1:1 mixture of coolant and water up to the full mark, and r...May 19, 2024 · The most common reason a motorcycle leaks coolant is because of a loose radiator hose. All motorcycles that have a radiator have an upper and lower hose; there’s an engine connection on the top and bottom and a radiator connection on the top and bottom. That means there are four possible failure points from the hoses coming from the radiator.Feb 18, 2022 · To reduce the cost of this repair, contact WABCO Customer Care Center at 855-228-3203 for the least costly option for compressor replacement (New, Service Exchange or Reman). NOTE: If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact WABCO Customer Care Center at 855-228-3203.Conventional antifreeze is mixed, usually 50:50, with deionized water to create coolant. The antifreeze in the coolant prevents the engine from freezing in cold temperatures and boiling in hot temperatures. Antifreeze also has anti-corrosive and lubricating properties, helping to protect the engine and cooling system from rust and corrosion ...Nov 1, 2002 · Cooling System Maintenance. November 1, 2002 • School Bus Fleet Staff •. There are many cooling system problems and failures. Some due to defective equipment but most of these problems have occurred due to incorrect information and maintenance practices. The chart shown below is a listing of most common problems in today's …I picked up my 2019 2500 last week and it has 300 miles now. Last night I started it and briefly got a “low IC coolant” warning. It went away in less than a minute. Outside temps …Most internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air (a gaseous fluid) or a liquid coolant run through a heat exchanger cooled by air. Marine engines and some …Coolant's still within the recommended level, but I'm wondering if this is normal to see a change in coolant level in the reservoir like that within the first 10,000 miles, or if it's a sign I need to top up and look out for a leak somewhere. For background, at about 7,500 miles we started towing our 20k lbs. fifth wheel regularly.IC Series ion exchange resin cartridge offered by Dynalene are designed and tested extensively for greater ion removal on low conductivity heat transfer fluid products including, our Dynalene LC and Dynalene FC series heat transfer fluid products. These cartridges can be easily installed in system operating up to 200°F (93°C).Please contact Dynalene at [email protected] or call +1 (610) 262-9686 to learn more. To maintain low electrical conductivity as the fluid ages, Dynalene strongly recommends using an ion-exchange resin cartridge with LC products. We offer our own product line of suitable cartridges, designed and tested extensively for greater ion removal on our ...This will likely be somewhere in the 160 to 190 degree range based on what your drive. Another thing to consider when watching your engine coolant temperature is what the engine cooling fans are set to. If you are driving slowly or stopped idling the fans keep enough air moving through your radiator to keep your engine cool.Coolant is a fluid in IC 2 used to make Coolant Cells and to cool a Fluid Reactor. Recipe . Coolant is made by enriching water or Distilled Water with Lapis Lazuli Dust in the Canning Machine set to Fluid Enrich mode.The absence of appropriate experimental data is a major factor which is limiting the development of reliable models for heat transfer in Internal Combustion (IC) engine coolant.14513 posts · Joined 2008. #5 · Mar 22, 2017. Pull the lower radiator hose and drain the radiator is about the best you can do without pulling water pump. I run distilled water through a heat cycle with the heat on and then drain. Reapet until you get clear water out and then refil with 3 gallons G-05 antifreeze and the rest distilled water.The electrical output of IC is 1000W, and the heating output is approx. 2500W. Most IC engines are designed for vehicle applications and require an output of approximately 102kW. An IC engine has greater thermal efficiency than an EC engine. The thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine is from 35% to 45%.Welcome to the coolant management tool training program. This program demonstrates the coolant drain, pressure testing, and rapid fill procedures using the coolant management tool. This tool is designed to save time, prevent spills, help in keeping coolant types separated, and ensure a complete fill; which is critical for today'sThe OAT coolant creates so much sludge and staining and other, whatever, in the reservoir that the magnetic connection between the sensor and the float is blocked so the float returns to the "low coolant" position. Changing the sensor does nothing because the pathway is still blocked. There's a YT video showing how to test your sensor ...19 Apr 2018 ... We're thankful for all-wheel drive getting us through the ic... Jan 19, 2024 · 189 views. 00:15. Explore our new inventory and get your hands ...Feb 23, 1998 · A conventional cooling solution by using the same cooling liquid mixture, Ethylene Glycol-water 50-50%, that is to say, we adapted and optimized the cooling radiator for low flow rate and low coolant temperature. An evaporative cooling solution by using a new fluid, called, Fluorinert FC72. This new fluid has the boiling temperature of 56 °C ...Jan 1, 1987 · 2022, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Citation Excerpt : Due to the strong unsteady gas flow and chemical reactions during the engine combustion process, the transient gas temperature varies significantly in the cylinder, yielding dramatical changes of the heat flux throughout the chamber surfaces.Low coolant will cause an engine to run at a higher temperature, which can result in extensive engine damage. Can a Bad Heater Core Cause Overheating? Leaks are the #1 reason a vehicle begins to overheat. Leaks in hoses, the radiator, water pump, thermostat housing, heater core, head gasket, freeze plugs and a few other things can all lead to ...Mar 18, 2022. #3. DammitDave said: Not sure what the I/C stands for but yes it's low coolant. Myself and many others have seen this, usually after the first couple of hundred miles of being new. Mostly likely, what we have all found is your a little low on coolant, possibly from an air pocket that was trapped in the engine and finally escaped.Jan 1, 1987 · 2022, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. Citation Excerpt : Due to the strong unsteady gas flow and chemical reactions during the engine combustion process, the transient gas temperature varies significantly in the cylinder, yielding dramatical changes of the heat flux throughout the chamber surfaces.Ambient ranged from 71F to 77F. Check the I/C coolant temperature connection to make sure it is ok. My experience (with another car) is the coolant temperature connector was just "loose" enough that during a sharp corner on rough pavement it would momentarily lose contact and the coolant temperature reading would shoot upwards.Jul 1, 2014 · 19449 posts · Joined 2004. #9 · Jul 1, 2014. found this - do with it what you will; Subaru specifies a non-silicate, non-phosphate and non-amine antifreeze. They also refuse to tell anyone which brands meet their specifications. By law, Subaru cannot mandate Subaru coolant unless they provided it for free.The average coolant temperature for most vehicles and engines is 95 degrees Celsius or 205 Fahrenheit. But the temperature ranges between 195F and 220F, or 90C to 105C. And for some vehicles, it’s normal for the coolant temperature to drop down to 180F (80C) or rise up to 230F (110C).The most commonly used coolant in modern refrigerators is HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Other popular choices include R-438A. These coolants are environmentally friendly options that do not deplete the ozone layer, unlike older coolants such as R-12 and R-22. The coolant’s function in a refrigerator is to absorb heat from inside and ...As far as 6.0 cooler failures the one leading cause is a restricted oil cooler. One way to test for a restricted oil cooler is to get engine up to temp, drive it and monitor the ect and eot, if the eot goes 25 F degrees more than the ect the oil cooler is restricted. Just a poor design from what I can see.IC Bus is proud to offer the industry's first camera system designed specifically for school buses. Combined with the side mirrors, this advanced system will allow bus drivers to have a "full view" around the bus for total situational awareness so they can concentrate on driving and keeping kids safe.The knowledge of coolant temperatures and the coolant flow allowed to calculate, by using expression (2), the heat carried off with the coolant mass, as it passes through the engine water jacket ...Low coolant will cause an engine to run at a higher temperature, which can result in extensive engine damage. Can a Bad Heater Core Cause Overheating? Leaks are the #1 reason a vehicle begins to overheat. Leaks in hoses, the radiator, water pump, thermostat housing, heater core, head gasket, freeze plugs and a few other things can all lead to ...Please contact Dynalene at [email protected] or call +1 (610) 262-9686 to learn more. To maintain low electrical conductivity as the fluid ages, Dynalene strongly recommends using an ion-exchange resin cartridge with LC products. We offer our own product line of suitable cartridges, designed and tested extensively for greater ion removal on our ...I have an IC Coolant Level Low message showing after the dealer replaced the auxiliary coolant pump and coolant. Pic shows the level after car sat all night. Dealer says that this is the correct level.Over time coolant can become contaminated, and additives can wear out. Flushing the system as directed is the best way to ensure your new coolant performs at its best and provides dependable results for best results, flush with Engine Ice Flush Treatment or an equivalent product.. Long lasting water-free coolant that can extend the life of yourIntroduction. Thermostats regulate the temperature of the engine This truck has an air-to-air intercooler. The reason was simply because I parked on a snowbank so the truck was tilted and it tripped the low sensor. I was just curious about "I/C". 2019 RAM 3500 Crew 4x4 Cummins H.O. 2018 RAM 3500 Crew 4x4 6.7L DRW Manual Trans - previous. 2017 Ford F-250 Crew 4x4 6.7L Powerstroke.Coolant is a fluid in IC 2 used to make Coolant Cells and to cool a Fluid Reactor. Recipe . Coolant is made by enriching water or Distilled Water with Lapis Lazuli Dust in the Canning Machine set to Fluid Enrich mode. Prestone Universal Antifreeze and Coolant Typically, heat is rejected from an IC engine via engine coolant flowing near the combustion chamber and the surrounding region. The engine coolant volume is called the coolant jacket, and is topologically the most complex path in the coolant loop. The challenge here is to achieve the optimum coolant flow distribution The coolant tank is prone to cracking around a nipple located low...
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